Koh-i-noor, a Mountain of Light
The anniversary of Koh-i-noor reaching the
shores of England draws near again. A brilliant diamond, the
'Koh-i-noor’s trail is littered by misery, unhappiness and war.
There was a period when Indian diamonds were very
famous the world over. These included the Koh-i-noor, Orlov, the Great
Moghul, Darya-i-noor, Indore pears, Shah and Arcots. These were all part
of the treasure houses of the great emperors of India. Today, they are
all in the hands of outsiders.
The
legendary Koh-i-noor has been in the eye of the storm ever since it
left the hands of its original owners - a diamond which was never bought
or sold, but changed many hands. Koh-i-noor has left a trail that
speaks of greed, power, murder, mayhem and unhappiness.
According to all references, Koh-i-noor was never that
great to look at in its early days. It was just another diamond that
was dull, non-sparkling and a little yellow in appearance.
Many legends say that the Koh-i-noor was mined in
India, and at least 4,000 years old. It received a mention in the 1300s,
when it was named in the Baburnama. One account states that Babur got
his hands on the diamond in Gujarat; another says he got it in the
Deccan. But when Babur came to Agra in May 1526, the ruler Vikramaditya
most likely gave him the great diamond. There is also evidence that his
son Humayun carried a large diamond that his father had handed back to
him at Agra and was known as Babur’s diamond for the next 200 years.
There are still so many unresolved questions
surrounding the precious stone. Many believe that the Koh-i-noor was
also the Great Mogul and that Babur's diamond was separate; others say
the Koh-i-noor and Babur’s diamond were one and same, while the rest
identified it with both Babur's diamond and the Great Mogul. Information
gathered over the years shows that in fact, three diamonds existed: -
the Great Mogul – was the Orlov, weighing 189.62 metric carats, in
Kremlin; and Babur's diamond – was the Darya-i-noor, weight 175 gm and
195 metric carats, the Iranian Crown Jewels; and the Koh-i-noor re-cut,
Crown Jewels, England.
When the peacock throne was handed over to Nadir Shah,
the hiding place of this diamond was given away. A member of Mohammad
Shah’s harem gave away the hiding place of Koh-i-noor. It is said that
the Shah kept it hidden in his turban. So, Nadir Shah devised a plan -
he ordered a grand feast to coincide with the restoration of Mohammed
Shah to his throne. During the feast Nadir Shah suddenly proposed an
exchange of turbans, a sign of brotherly ties and eternal friendship.
Mohammed Shah was hardly likely to resist. After the exchange, Nadir
Shah entered his private apartment only at night, where he unfolded the
turban and found the diamond concealed within. When he set his eyes on
it, he exclaimed "Koh-i-noor", meaning "Mountain of Light".
The next sixty years of its history are the most
violent and bloodstained. The final owner was Maharaja Duleep Singh, son
of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, in the backdrop of the two Sikh Wars leading
to the annexation of the Punjab by the British. The hoisting of British
flag was on March 29th, 1849 Lahore where Punjab was formally proclaimed
a part of the British Empire in India. One of the terms of the Treaty
of Lahore was:- "The gem called the Koh-i-noor which was taken from Shah
Shuja-ul-Mulk by Maharajah Ranjit Singh shall be surrendered by the
Maharajah of Lahore to the Queen of England."
Dr Sir John Login was entrusted with two charges: to
take the Koh-i-noor out of the Toshakhana (the jewel house), and also
the guardsmanship of the young Duleep Singh. It was formally handed over
to the Punjab government of Sir Henry Lawrence (1806-1857), his younger
brother John Lawrence (afterwards Lord Lawrence, the man who in
February of 1859 would break ground on the future Lahore railroad
station), and C.C. Mausel.
The Koh-i-noor sailed from Bombay in H.M.S. Medea. It
was put in an iron box and kept in a dispatch box and deposited in the
Government Treasury. For security reasons, this piece of news was
suppressed, even among officers of the Treasury - and withheld from
Commander Lockyer, the ship's captain. HMS Medea's voyage turned out to
be a perilous one - cholera broke out on board in Mauritius and the
local people demanded its departure. They asked their governor to open
fire and destroy the vessel if it did not respond. After leaving
Mauritius, a severe gale hit the vessel that
lasted for about twelve hours. They reached Plymouth,
England, where the passengers and the mail were unloaded, but not the
Koh-i-noor, which was forwarded to Portsmouth.
From there, the two officers took the diamond to the
East India House, handing it over to the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of
the company.
The stone
Prince Albert (Prince Consort) and Sebastian Garrard
stated that the Koh-i-noor was badly cut, it is rose-not-brilliant-cut.
It was decided to seek the advice of practical and experienced diamond
cutters. A small steam engine was set up at Garrard's shop, while two
gentlemen, Messrs Coster, Mr. Voorzanger and Mr. Fedder, travelled to
London to undertake the re-cutting of the diamond. The Koh-i-noor was
embedded in lead, two weeks later, after examining the stone. Mitchell
thought
that it had lost nearly all its yellow colour and
become much whiter. The re-cutting took 38 days and cost £8000
($40,000). The final result was an oval brilliant diamond weighing
108.93 metric carats, which meant a loss of weight of just under 43 per
cent. Its was now in stellar brilliant-cut, possessing the regular 33
facets, including the table, while the pavilion has eight more facets
than the regular 25 bringing the total number of facets to 66.
In
1853, it was mounted on a magnificent tiara for the Queen, which
contained more than two thousand diamonds. Five years later, Queen
Victoria ordered a new regal circlet for the diamond. In 1911, Garrards
made a new crown that Queen Mary wore for the coronation - it contained
diamonds, among them the Koh-i-noor. In 1937, this was transferred to
the crown made for Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, based on Queen
Victoria's regal circlet and is set in a Maltese Cross at the front of
the crown.
The controversy
The 20th century saw a war of words over Koh-i-noor
and its rightful ownership. In 1947, the government of India asked for
the return of the diamond. Also, the Congress Ministry which ruled
Orissa staked claim to the stone, saying it belonged to the Lord
Jagannath. Ranjit Singh's treasurer mentioned that it was the property
of their estate. Pakistan's claim to the diamond was disputed by India.
Shortly thereafter, a major newspaper in Teheran stated that the gem
should to be returned to Iran.
Sir Olaf has pointed out that the Koh-i-noor had been
in Mogul possession in Delhi for 213 years, in Afghan possession in
Kandahar and Kabul for 66 years and in British possession for 127 years.
Historically, it maybe difficult to pass judgement on the validity of
the various claims, but on the other hand, from a gemological aspect, as
a paper report said, the Indian claim is the most valid because it was
in that country that it was mined.
The legend
Legend goes that Sun God gave this gem to his disciple
Satrajit, but his younger brother Persain snatched it from him. A lion
in the forest killed Persain and Jamavant took this gem from the body of
Persain and delivered it to Lord Krishna, who restored it to Satrajit.
Later, this jewel again came back into the hands of Lord Krishna as
dowry when Satrajit gave the hand of his daughter Satyabhama in marriage
to him. Lord Krishna gave it back to the Sun God .The Koh-i-noor came
into the hands of numerous rulers till it was possessed by Porus, the
king of Punjab, who retained the diamond after a peace treaty in 325 BC
when Alexander left India.
Chandragupta Maurya (325-297 B.C.) became the next
possessor and passed it on to his grandson Ashoka who ruled from 273-233
B.C. Later it slipped into the hands of Raja Samprati of Ujjain
(Ashoka’s grandson). This jewel remained in the custody of Ujjain and
the Parmar dynasty of Malwa. When Ala-ud-din Khilji (1296-1316A.D.)
defeated Rai Ladhar Deo, the ruler of Malwa in 1306 AD, he acquired the
diamond. From this stage up to the time of Mughal Emperor Babur, the
history of this precious stone is lost once more. Koh-i-noor comes to
light again in year 1526.
Humayun is said to have given the stone to the Shah of
Persia for giving him refuge after he lost to Sher Shah. From 1544 to
1547, the Koh-i-noor remained in the possession of Shah Tehmasp of Iran.
The Shah sent the Koh-i-noor along with other precious gifts to Burhan
Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar (Deccan) for the rulers of the Deccan -
Ahmednagar, Golkunda and Bijapur regarded the King of Persia as their
religious head. This stone remained in the possession of the Nizam Shahi
dynasty of Ahmednagar and the Qutb Shah dynasty of Golkunda in the
Deccan for a period of 109 years. How it came back to the Mughals is
another gap in history.
After Aurangzeb, this diamond remained consigned into
the coffers of the Mughal treasury from 1707 to 1739 A.D. Muhammad Shah
Rangila (1719-1748) used to carry this wonder diamond with him in his
turban. Nadir Shah got hold of Koh-i-noor when he ransacked Delhi in the
1700s and it went to his successors, landing in the hands of the Afghan
ruler Shah Shuja who handed it to Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1813.
The
Koh-i-Noor left the shores of India on April 6, 1850, and on reaching
London on July 2, 1850, it was handed over to the Board of Directors of
the East India Company. Sir J.W. Logg, the Deputy Chairman of the East
India Company, presented it to Queen Victoria. The queen recorded in her
journal: "The jewels are truly magnificent. They had also belonged to
Ranjit Singh and had been found in the treasury of Lahore.... I am very
happy that the British Crown will possess these jewels for I shall
certainly make them Crown Jewels"
.
The Curse of the Kohinoor Diamond (aka Koh-i-Noor)The
Curse of Kohinoor Diamond dates back to a Hindu text from the time of
the first authenticated appearance of the diamond in 1306. The Curse of
the Kohinoor Diamond reads:
"He who owns this diamond will own the world, but will also know all
its misfortunes. Only God, or a woman, can wear it with impunity."
The
history and lives of the rulers who owned the Koh-i-Noor diamond were
filled with violence, murders, mutilations, torture and treachery.
Whether or not people believe in the Curse of the Kohinoor Diamond, the
history of the stone is undeniable - and the threat of the Koh-i-Noor
curse is enough to make people cautious. The British Royal family were
obviously aware of the Curse of the Kohinoor and from the reign of Queen
Victoria, when the Kohinoor diamond came into their possession, it has
always gone to the wife of the male heir to the British throne. The
History Timeline details the story of the Kohinoor diamond.
Many still await the many treasures which were
“stolen” by the British Raj, and no one knows how long the wait will be.
But today, if you happen to visit London, please make a stopover at
Tower of London and look at the Crown Jewels for the Queen and the
Koh-i-noor placed in her crown up front inside a Maltese cross.The estimated price of the diamond is more than two billion euros!